Inducción de trabajo de parto en pacientes COVID-19: experiencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios / Labor induction in COVID-19 patients: experience in the San Juan de Dios Hospital

INTRODUCCIÖN Y OBJETIVOS: Describir la experiencia de los partos en gestantes con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR asintomáticas o con sintomatología leve y aquellas sin la enfermedad, y determinar la tasa de éxito de parto vaginal en inducción de trabajo de parto. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes que tuvieron su parto entre 15 de Abril y 03 de Julio del 2020 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. Se incluyeron las pacientes inducidas con Dinoprostona, Oxitocina o ambas de manera secuencial y se dividieron según estatus COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR al ingreso. Se caracterizó demográficamente el grupo de pacientes positivas y se determinaron los datos de ambos grupos en relación a la necesidad de inducción de trabajo de parto y su éxito para parto vaginal. RESULTADOS: De un total de 657 nacimientos, hubo un 9.7% (n=64) de pacientes con COVID 19, de las cuales un 23.4% (n=15) requirió inducción de trabajo de parto, con una tasa de éxito para parto vaginal de un 66.7% (n=10). De estas pacientes, un 50% recibió Oxitocina, un 40% Dinosprostona y un 10% ambos medicamentos de forma secuencial. En las pacientes negativas, hubo un total de 568 nacimientos, con un 29.8% (n=169) de usuarias que requirieron inducción. La tasa de éxito para parto vaginal en este grupo fue de 72.2% (n=122), utilizando un 50% Oxitocina; un 27% Dinoprostona; un 14.8% ambas; y un 8.2% Balón de Cook. CONCLUSIONES: Sabemos que los resultados de este estudio están limitados por el bajo número de pacientes incluidas, sin embargo, podemos observar que, en nuestra experiencia con las pacientes que arrojaron PCR SARS-CoV-2 positivas, asintomáticas o con enfermedad leve, se logró realizar la inducción de trabajo de parto según protocolos habituales, obteniendo porcentajes de éxito para partos vaginales, similares a las pacientes sin la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Describe the experience of deliveries in pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID 19 by asymptomatic RT-PCR or with mild symptoms and those without the disease, and determine the success rate of vaginal delivery in the induction of labor. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who had their delivery between 15th April and 03rd of July, 2020 in the San Juan de Dios Hospital. Patients induced with Dinoprostone, Oxytocin or both sequentially were included, and were divided according to COVID 19 status by RT-PCR on their admission process. The group of positive patients was demographically characterized and the data of both groups was determined in relation to the need for labor induction and its success for vaginal delivery. RESULTS: Of a total of 657 births, there were 9.7% (n = 64) of patients with COVID 19, of which 23.4% (n = 15) required labor induction, with a success rate for vaginal delivery of 66.7% (n = 10). Of these patients, 50% received Oxytocin, 40% Dinosprostone and 10% both drugs sequentially. In the negative patients, there were a total of 568 births, with 29.8% (n = 169) of users requiring labor induction. The success rate for vaginal delivery in this group was 72.2% (n = 122); 50% using Oxytocin; 27% Dinoprostone; 14.8% using both; and 8.2% using Cook's Catheter. CONCLUSIONS: We know that the results of this study are limited by the low number of patients included, however, in our experience, we can observe that, in patients with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, asymptomatic or with mild disease, it was possible to perform induction of labor according to standard protocols, achieving success rates for vaginal deliveries, similar to patients without the disease.

Effectiveness of per rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of per rectal misoprostol over oxytocin in primary postpartum haemorrhage [PPH]

Study Design: Randomised controlled trial study

Place and Duration of Study: Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Unit IV, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, from September 2013 to February 2014

Methodology: Emergency obstetric patients receiving per rectal misoprostol [800 micro gm] were named as group 'A' and those receiving 10 units oxytocin intramuscularly were labelled as group 'B'. The patients were followed within 24 hours of spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Pads soaked were used to assess the amount of blood loss

Results: A total of 1,678 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients in group-A was 29.11 years while the mean age of patients in group-B was 29.16 years. One hundred and twenty-three [14.66%] patients in group-A and 120 [14.31%] patients in group-B had PPH. Among the total 1,678 patients, 243 [14.49%] had postpartum haemorrhage among whom 24 [9.88%] had major haemorrhage with a blood loss >/=1000 mL. Among the sub-group [839 patients] administered misoprostol had 123 [14.66%] patients with blood loss greater than 500 mL and the rest 716 patients [85.34%] had blood loss less than 500 mL. The sub-group administered oxytocin have 120 [14.31%] out of 839 patients with postpartum haemorrhage while 719 [85.69%] had blood loss less than 500 mL

Conclusion: Active management of 3rd stage of labour with per rectal misoprostol administration was as effective as intramuscular oxytocin. Both were equally effective to reduce PPH and the subsequent need for surgical interventions

Fatores associados à violência obstétrica na assistência ao parto vaginal em uma maternidade de alta complexidade em recife, pernambuco / Factors associated with obstetric abuse in vaginal birth care at a high-complexity maternity unit in recife, pernambuco

Objetivos: analisar os fatores associados à violência obstétrica de acordo com as práticas não recomendadas na assistência ao parto vaginal em uma maternidade escola e de referência da Cidade do Recife. Métodos: estudo transversal, prospectivo, com 603 puérperas, realizado entre agosto a dezembro de 2014. Os dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e de acesso à assistência foram obtidos através dos prontuários e de entrevistas com as pacientes. A prevalência da violência obstétrica foi baseada nas recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre as práticas recomendadas para a assistência ao parto vaginal. Para análise dos fatores associados utilizou-se a regressão multivariada de Poisson, considerou-se p<5 por cento. Os dados foram analisados no Stata 12.1 SE. Resultados: a prevalência da violência obstétrica foi de 86,57 por cento. As práticas prejudiciais mais frequentes foram os esforços de puxo (65 por cento), a administração de ocitocina (41 por cento) e o uso rotineiro da posição supina/litotomia (39 por cento). Apenas as variáveis não possuir ensino médio completo (p=0,022) e ter sido assistido por um profissional médico (p<0,001) apresentaram associação significante com a violência obstétrica. Conclusões: o grande número de intervenções obstétricas utilizadas consiste em um ato de violência obstétrica e demonstram que apesar do incentivo do Ministério da Saúde para uma assistência humanizada os resultados ainda estão longe do recomendado.

Objectives: to examine factors associated with obstetric abuse according to practices not recommended for vaginal birth care at a maternity teaching and referral hospital in the city of Recife, Brazil. Methods: a prospective cross-sectional study with 603 puerperal women conducted between August and December 2014. The socio-demographic, clinical and access to care data were obtained from medical records and interviews with patients. The prevalence of obstetric abuse was based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization regarding practices recommended for vaginal birth care. Associated factors were investigated using Poisson's multivariate regression, with a level of significance of p<5 percent. Data were analyzed using Stata 12.1 SE. Results: the prevalence of obstetric abuse was 86.57 percent. The most frequent harmful practices were forced pulling (65 percent), administration ofoxytocin (41 percent) and routine use of the supine/lithotomy position (39 percent). The only variables significantly associated with obstetric abuse were not having graduated high school (p=0.022) and having been attended by a medical professional (p<0.001). Conclusions: the large number of obstetric interventions used amounts to obstetric abuse and shows that, despite the Ministry of Health's promotion of humane care, results fall far short of these recommendations.

Atualização no diagnóstico e tratamento da gravidez molar / Update on the diagnosis and treatment of molar pregnancy

A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um termo aplicado a um grupo de tumores relacionados à gestação, caracterizado por entidades clínicas benignas (mola hidatiforme ? MH) e malignas (neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional ? NTG). Os principais desafios para o tratamento das pacientes com MH abrangem o diagnóstico precoce, esvaziamento uterino imediato e seguimento pós-molar regular com dosagem sérica de hCG, melhorando assim o prognóstico das pacientes, sua qualidade de vida e resultados reprodutivos. A atualização das estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas envolvidas no tratamento da DTG, foco deste trabalho, tem por objetivo melhorar esse cenário, contribuindo para o maior conhecimento sobre o assunto.

The gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term applied to a group of pregnancy related tumors, characterized by benign clinical entities (hydatidiform mole ? HM) and malignant ones (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ? GTN). The main challenges for treatment of patients with HM include early diagnosis, immediate uterine evacuation and systematic post-molar follow-up with seric dosage of hCG, improving the prognosis of patients, their quality of life and reproductive outcomes. The focus of the present paper is the update of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies involved in the treatment of GTD aiming to improve this scenario to enhance the knowledge on the subject.

Multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma / Tomografia computadorizada de múltiplos detectores no estadiamento pré-operatório do adenocarcinoma gástrico

Objective: To evaluate the role of multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative investigation of tumor invasion depth and lymph node and metastatic involvement according to the TNM classification, in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients with biopsy-confirmed gastric cancer underwent preoperative staging with 64-channel multidetector computed tomography. Two independent radiologists analyzed the images and classified the findings. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and overall accuracy were calculated for each observer. The interobserver agreement was also evaluated. Results: The accuracy in the classification of categories T ranged from 74% to 96% for observer 1 and from 80% to 92% for observer 2. The overall accuracy was 70% for both observers. The weighted kappa index was 0.75, consistent with a significant interobserver agreement. The accuracy in the classification of lymph node involvement (category N) ranged from 55% to 79% for observer 1 and from 73% to 82% for observer 2. The evaluation of metastatic involvement showed an overall accuracy of 89.6% for both observers. Conclusion: 64-channel multidetector computed tomography demonstrated clinically relevant accuracy in the preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma as regards invasion depth (T category) and metastatic involvement (M category). .

Objetivo: Avaliar a tomografia computadorizada com múltiplas fileiras de detectores na análise pré-operatória da profundidade de invasão tumoral, acometimento linfonodal e metastático, de acordo com a classificação TNM, em pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico. Materiais e Métodos: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes com câncer gástrico foram submetido a estadiamento pré-operatório com tomografia computadorizada de 64 canais de detectores. Dois radiologistas analisaram, independentemente, as imagens e classificaram os achados. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia e acurácia global para cada avaliador foram calculadas. A concordância interobservador também foi avaliada. Resultados: A acurácia na classificação das categorias T variou entre 74% e 96% para o observador 1 e entre 80% e 92% para o observador 2. A acurácia global foi 70% para ambos os observadores. O kappa ponderado foi 0,75, consistente com uma concordância interobservador substancial. A acurácia na classificação do acometimento linfonodal (categoria N) variou entre 55% e 79% para o observador 1 e entre 73% e 82% para o observador 2. A avaliação do acometimento metastático mostrou acurácia global de 89,6% para ambos os observadores. Conclusão: A tomografia computadorizada com 64 canais de detectores demonstrou acurácia clinicamente relevante no estadiamento pré-operatório do adenocarcinoma gástrico em relação à profundidade de invasão e acometimento metastático. .

Neuropeptides in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate central cardiovascular reflex responses in awake male rats

The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) links emotionally charged sensory stimuli to social behavior, and is part of the supramedullary control of the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of microinjections of neuroactive peptides markedly found in the MePD, namely oxytocin (OT, 10 ng and 25 pg; n=6/group), somatostatin (SST, 1 and 0.05 μM; n=8 and 5, respectively), and angiotensin II (Ang II, 50 pmol and 50 fmol; n=7/group), on basal cardiovascular activity and on baroreflex- and chemoreflex-mediated responses in awake adult male rats. Power spectral and symbolic analyses were applied to pulse interval and systolic arterial pressure series to identify centrally mediated sympathetic/parasympathetic components in the heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV). No microinjected substance affected basal parameters. On the other hand, compared with the control data (saline, 0.3 µL; n=7), OT (10 ng) decreased mean AP (MAP50) after baroreflex stimulation and increased both the mean AP response after chemoreflex activation and the high-frequency component of the HRV. OT (25 pg) increased overall HRV but did not affect any parameter of the symbolic analysis. SST (1 μM) decreased MAP50, and SST (0.05 μM) enhanced the sympathovagal cardiac index. Both doses of SST increased HRV and its low-frequency component. Ang II (50 pmol) increased HRV and reduced the two unlike variations pattern of the symbolic analysis (P<0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate neuropeptidergic actions in the MePD for both the increase in the range of the cardiovascular reflex responses and the involvement of the central sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on HRV and APV.

Efectividad y seguridad de atosiban en mujeres embarazadas con trabajo de parto pretérmino / Dexrazoxane to Prevent Cardiac Damage in Patients Under 18 with Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Acute Lymphoid Leukemia on Chemotherapy with Anthracyclines

Introducción: el parto pretérmino es definido como el parto producido antes de la semana 37 de edad gestacional. En Colombia es la principal causa de la morbilidad y mortalidad en el período neonatal. La incidencia del parto prematuro es cercana al 12%, con tasas estables en las últimas décadas, que se pueden deber a la complejidad de fisiopatología o a la falta de conocimientos de la condición. Es responsable a nivel mundial de la muerte en menores de 1 año. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del atosiban en mujeres gestantes con trabajo de parto pretérmino. Metodología: la evaluación fue realizada de acuerdo con un protocolo definido a priori. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática hasta noviembre de 2014 en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects y LILACS, sin restricciones de idioma ni fecha de publicación. Se identificaron las RSL y ECA que cumplieran los criterios de elegibilidad. La calidad de los estudios fue valorada con la herramienta AMSTAR. Las características de los estudios fueron extraídas a partir de las publicaciones originales. Los resultados se presentan de acuerdo al reporte de la RSL. Resultados: el atosiban no disminuye la proporción de parto antes de las 48 horas de inicio del tratamiento comparado contra placebo con un RR=1.05 (IC 95% 0,15-7,43), ni comparado contra betamiméticos RR=0,89 (IC 95% 0,66-1,22), ni comparado contra nifedipino RR=1,09 (IC 95% 0,44-2,73). Tampoco disminuye el parto antes de la semana 37 con un RR=1,17 (IC 95% 0,99-1,37) al compararlo contra el placebo y de 1,56 (IC 95% 1,13-2,14) al compararlo contra la nifedipina. Aumentó la probabilidad de parto antes de la semana 28 al compararse contra el placebo RR=3,11 (IC 95% 1,02-9,51). Mostró un mejor perfil de seguridad para eventos adversos maternos al compararlo contra betamiméticos RR=0,47 (IC 95% 0,35-0,62) y contra nifedipino RR=0,38 (IC 95% 0,21-0,68), pero no contra placebo. Conclusiones: no existe evidencia a favor del uso de atosiban en vez de placebo, betamiméticos o nifedipino para la disminución del parto pretérmino antes de la semana 37 ni 28 de edad gestacional. Tampoco disminuye la proporción de partos pretérminos antes de las 48 horas de inicio del tratamiento. El atosiban no fue superior a los comparadores para disminuir los eventos adversos neonatales. Mostró beneficio para la disminución de los efectos adversos maternos cuando se comparó contra betamiméticos o nifedipino. Los ECA incluidos en la RSL identificada tienen alta probabilidad de sesgos por lo cual los resultados se deben evaluar con precaución.(AU)

Nascer no Brasil: o retrato do nascimento na voz das mulheres / Born in Brazil: the birth of the picture in women's voice

Vídeo: Nascer no Brasil - O retrato do nascimento na voz das mulheres é o tema da série em DVD Nascer no Brasil. Depoimentos emocionantes de mulheres logo após o nascimento de seus filhos dão voz aos números da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil – Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento, estudo inédito coordenado pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (Ensp/Fiocruz), que teve como objetivo conhecer os determinantes, a magnitude e os efeitos das intervenções obstétricas no parto, incluindo as cesarianas desnecessárias, assim como a motivação das mulheres pela escolha do parto. Vídeo: Parto, da violência obstétrica às boas práticas No Brasil, a chance de dar à luz sem intervenções durante o trabalho de parto é remota. Apenas 5 por cento das mulheres tiveram essa experiência, segundo a pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, coordenada pela Fiocruz. Muitos procedimentos passaram a ser usados de forma rotineira causando mais traumas do que benefícios. O vídeo de Bia Fioretti, coproduzido pela VideoSaúde Distribuidora da Fiocruz, aborda a realidade de nascer no Brasil e para qual direção caminhamos...

Labour induction; use of sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in case of ruptured membranes at term

To compare the efficacy of misoprostol 50ug [sublingual] in comparison with oxytocin infusion than for induction of labour in cases of PROM [premature rupture of membrane at term]. Prospective randomized study. Mujahid Trust Hospital, Faisalabad. Duration: Conducted from Dec 2006 to April 2008. Women were randomized to receive either 50 microgram of sublingual misoprostol every 4 hours with Ringer's lactate solution or oxytocin infusion 10 lU in one litre of Lactated Ringer's solution with a sublingual placebo. Main outcome measures: The number of women delivering vaginally within 24 hours of labour induction. Fifty two women [83%] in misoprostol group and 48 [77%>] in oxytocin group delivered vaginally within 24 hours [relative risk [RR]1.1. However, the induction to vaginal delivery was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group 15+3.7 hours compared with the oxytocin group 18+4.1. The incidence of tachysystole was more than three folds higher in misoprostol than in the oxytocin group [14%] versus 4.3%] RR3.3] but this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypertonus or hyperstimulation syndrome, mode of delivery intervention for fetal distress or neonatal outcomes between the two groups. The group of women received misoprostol for labour induction were found more successful in achieving vaginal delivery in comparatively shorter time and more acceptable to patients. Further studies on safety with large numbers of women need to be conducted before routine use

Misoprostol use under routine conditions for termination of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death / Uso de misoprostol na rotina para terminar gestações com feto morto

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the misoprostol use in pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), considering mode of delivery and induction-delivery interval. METHODS: Descriptive study including 171 pregnant women with IUFD, in the second or third trimester, submitted to labor induction with vaginal misoprostol and/or induction/augmentation with intravenous oxytocin, from 2005 to 2008, at a teaching-hospital of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde -SUS). RESULTS: Misoprostol alone (treatment A), misoprostol plus oxytocin (treatment B), and oxytocin alone (treatment C) were administered in 9.3%, 19.9%, and 70.8% of the cases, respectively. One-third of pregnancies were less than 28 weeks, and 2.9% required a caesarean section. The percentage of vaginal delivery in treatments A and B combined (98.0%) was similar to treatment C (96.7%). The mean induction-delivery interval was 15.4 hours. Comparing multiple groups, the mean induction-delivery interval was significantly shorter in treatment A (20.1 hours) than in treatment B (33.3 hours), and was longer than in treatment C (9.7 hours). The majority (71%) of cases required a single administration of misoprostol, and the total dosage was lower in treatment A (mean: 98.4 µg) compared with treatment B (mean: 157.0 µg). CONCLUSION: Misoprostol effectively contributed to delivery of IUFD by vaginal route assisted under routine conditions of a public health service in Brazil, demonstrating its importance in cases resistant to usual induction methods, and its availability in Brazilian public health services is recommended.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso de misoprostol em gestações com óbito fetal intraútero, considerando o tipo de parto e o intervalo indução-parto. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de 171 gestantes com óbito fetal intraútero, no segundo ou terceiro trimestres, submetidas à indução do parto com misoprostol vaginal ou aceleração do parto com ocitocina parenteral, de 2005 a 2008 em um hospital-escola do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil. RESULTADOS: Misoprostol isolado (tratamento A), misoprostol complementado pela ocitocina (tratamento B) e ocitocina isolada (tratamento C) foram administrados em 9,3%, 19,9% e 70,8% dos casos, respectivamente. Um terço das gestações estavam com menos de 28 semanas e 2,9% delas requereram operação cesariana. O percentual de parto vaginal nos tratamentos A e B combinados (98,0%) foi similar ao tratamento C (96,7%). A média do intervalo indução-parto foi menor no tratamento A (20,15 horas; DP = 15,8 horas) comparado ao tratamento B (33,31 horas; DP = 29,6 horas) e a proporção de partos pela via vaginal ocorridos dentro de 48 horas foi de 100% (tratamento A), 96,7% (tratamento B) e 96,7% (tratamento C). A maioria dos casos (71%) tratados com misoprostol requereu uma única administração da droga e a média da dosagemtotal foi menor no tratamento A (média 98,4µg) comparado ao tratamento B (média: 157,0µg). CONCLUSÃO: Misoprostol efetivamente contribuiu para a resolução de gestações com óbito fetal intraútero, mostrando a importância de sua aplicação em casos resistentes aos métodos usuais de indução e de sua disponibilização nos serviços públicos de saúde no Brasil.

Induction of labor with titrated oral misoprostol solution versus oxytocin in term pregnancy: randomized controlled trial / Indução do trabalho de parto por meio de solução oral titulada de misoprostol versus oxitocina em gestação a termo: estudo controlado randomizado

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of orally administered misoprostol in comparison to intravenously infused oxytocin for labor induction in term pregnant women. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2010, a total of 285 term pregnant women whom were candidate for vaginal delivery were assessed for eligibility to enter the study. Twenty five patients were excluded for different reasons; and 260 included women were randomly assigned to one of the two groups according to the method of treatment, misoprostol or oxytocin. The misoprostol group received 25 µg every 2 hours for up to 24 hours for induction. The oxytocin group received an infusion of 10 IU which was gradually increased. The time from induction to delivery and induction to the beginning of the active phase and successful inductions within 12, 18, and 24 hours were recorded. The trial is registered at irct.ir, number IRCT2012061910068N1. RESULTS: Failure of induction, leading to caesarean section was around 38.3% in the oxytocin group and significantly higher than that of the misoprostol group (20.3%) (p<0.001). Despite the more prevalent failure in the oxytocin group, the mean time intervals from induction to active phase and labor of this group were both significantly less than the misoprostol group (10.1±6.1 and 13.2±7.7 versus 12.9±5.4 and 15.6±5.1 hours respectively, both p-values were <0.05). Maternal and fetal complications were comparable between groups except gastrointestinal symptoms which were encountered more frequently in the misoprostol (10.9 versus 3.9%, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Misoprostol is a safe and effective drug with low complications for the induction of labor. Failure is seen less with misoprostol and caesarean sections are less frequently indicated as compared to oxytocin.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança do misoprostol administrado por via oral em comparação à infusão de oxitocina para a indução do trabalho de parto em gestantes a termo. MÉTODOS: Entre 2008 e 2010, um total de 285 gestantes a termo candidatas para parto vaginal foram avaliadas quanto à eligibilidade para inclusão no estudo. Vinte e cinco pacientes foram excluídas por várias razões, e as 260 mulheres incluídas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com o método de tratamento, misoprostol ou oxitocina. O grupo tratado com o misoprostol recebeu 25 µg cada 2 horas durante um máximo de 24 horas para indução. O grupo tratado com oxitocina recebeu infusão de 10 UI, que foi aumentada gradativamente. O tempo a partir da indução até o início da fase ativa e as induções bem-sucedidas dentro de 12, 18 e 24 horas foram registrados. O ensaio foi registrado em irct.ir, número IRCT2012061910068N1. RESULTADOS: A falha de indução levando à necessidade de cesariana foi de aproximadamente 38.3% no grupo tratado com oxitocina, sendo significativamente maior em relação ao grupo tratado com misoprostol (20,3%) (p<0,001). Apesar da falha mais prevalente no grupo tratado com oxitocina, os intervalos médios entre indução e fase ativa e trabalho de parto nesse grupo foram ambos significativamente menores em relação ao grupo tratado com misoprostol (10,1±6,1 e 13,2±7,7 versus 12,9±5,4 and 15,6±5,1 horas, respectivamente, sendo ambos os p-valores <0,05). Complicações maternas e fetais foram comparáveis entre grupos, com exceção dos sintomas gastrointestinais, que foram encontrados mais frequentemente no grupo tratado com misoprostol (10,9 versus 3,9%, p=0,03). CONCLUSÕES: O misoprostol é droga segura e eficaz para a indução do parto, com poucas complicações. Falhas são menos observadas e cesáreas são indicadas menos frequentemente com o misoprostol em relação à oxitocina.

Resultados perinatales en gestantes de 38 a 41 semanas con oligohidramnios inducidas con oxitócina, HNDAC Enero 2005-Diciembre 2009 / Perinatal results in pregnant of 38 to 41 weeks with oligohydramnios induced with oxytocin, HNDAC January 2005-December 2009

Objetivo: Estudiar las resultados perinatales en gestantes de 38 a 41 semanas. Con oligohidramnios inducidas con oxitocina HNDAC Enero 2005 - Diciembre 2009. Material y Método: Del total de gestantes (263) fueron incluidos una muestra representativa de 100 gestantes Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivos siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se procesaron los datos con el apoyo del paquete estadístico SPSS 20.0. Resultados: La incidencia de gestantes con oligohidramnios fue del 7 por ciento de la población total la edad promedio fue entre 26 y 30 años, el 32 por ciento de las pacientes fueron primigestas La edad gestacional que predomino fue 38 semanas con un 56 por ciento. De los pacientes cuya vía de resolución fue el parto vaginal la duración de trabajo de parto estuvo en el intervalo entre 6 y 12 horas en mayor proporción (54 por ciento). El grado de oligohidramnios más frecuente fue el leve en un 49 por ciento. De los recién nacidos independiente de la vía de parto el Apgar estuvo dentro de los parámetros normales en un 90 por ciento, solo un 3 por ciento tuvieron Apgar de mal pronóstico. Del total de pacientes el NST fue reactivo en un 92 por ciento y un 63 por ciento presento OCT negativo. La vía más frecuente de parto fue la cesárea en un 68 por ciento Estuvo asociado a RClU en un 11 por ciento y existió una mortalidad de 4 por ciento de pacientes en trabajo de parto asociado a oligohidramnios. Conclusión: El 7 por ciento de las gestantes de 38 a 41 semanas tuvieron oligohidramnios, la vía más frecuente de parto fue la cesárea en un 68 por ciento, el 90 por ciento de recién nacidos tuvieron apgar normal, si existe relación entre severidad de oligohidramnios y CST alterado, hay relación entre severidad del oligohidramnios y sufrimiento fetal, además asociación entre oligohidramnios y restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, de los recién nacidos hubo una mortalidad del 4 por ciento.

Objective: To study perinatal outcomes in pregnancies of 38-41 weeks with oligohydramnios induced with oxytocin HNDAC January 2005 - December 2009. Materials and Methods: A total of pregnant women (263) were included a representative sample of 100 pregnant women was conducted observational, retrospective, transversal and descriptive following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were processed with the support of SPSS 20.0. Results: The incidence of pregnant women with oligohydramnios was 7 per cent of the total population, the average age was between 26 and 30 years, 32 per cent of the patients were nulliparous. The predominance gestational age was 38 weeks with 56 per cent. Of patients whose resolution was via vaginal delivery the duration of labor was in the range between 6 and 12 hours in a higher proportion (54 per cent). The degree of oligohydramnios more common was mild in 49 per cent. From newborns independent pathway birth Apgar scores were within the normal range in 90 per cent, only 3 per cent had Apgar scores of poor prognosis. Of all patients the NST was reactive in 92 per cent and 63 per cent showed negative CST. The most common route of delivery was cesarean section in 68 per cent. He was associated with RCIU by 11 per cent and there was a mortality rate of 4 per cent of patients in labor associated with oligohydramnios. Conclusion: The 7 per cent of pregnant women of 38-41 weeks had oligohydramnios, the most common route of delivery was cesarean and 68 per cent, 90 per cent of newborns had Apgar normal if there is a relationship between severity of oligohydramnios and altered CST no relationship between severity of oligohydramnios and fetal distress, and association between oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth restriction, of newborns had a mortality rate of 4 per cent.

Oxitocina u oxitocina-atenolol en la inducción del trabajo de parto en embarazo a término / Oxytocin or oxytocin-atenolol in the induction of childbirth labour in a term pregnancies

El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de la oxitocina-atenolol con oxitocina en la inducción del trabajo de parto en embarazos a términos en la Maternidad "Dr. Nerio Belloso" Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona" Maracaibo, Esatdo Zulia. Se seleccionaron 160 pacientes y fueron asignados al azar para recibir: oxitocina endovenosa + atenolol oral (grupo A, n = 80) u oxitocina endovenosa (grupo B, n = 80). Se evaluaron los intervalos entre el inicio dela inducción hasta el inicio de la fase activa del parto y entre el inicio de la inducción y el parto y efectos adversos maternos y neonatales. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con relación a la edad materna, edad gestacional y puntuación de Bishop al momento de la admisión. Las embarazadas en el grupo A presentaron un intervalo entre el inicio de la inducción y el inicio de la fase activa del trabajo de parto y duración de la primera fase del trabajo de parto más corto que las embarazadas del grupo B (P<0,0001). No se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos en el peso al nacer, Apgar al minuto y Apgar a los 5 minutos. No se reportaron efectos adversos maternos en los dos grupos de tratamiento. La combinación oxitacina-atenolol es más efectiva en la inducción del trabajo de parto en embarazos a término comparado con la oxitocina endovenosa sola

The objetive was to compare the effectiveness of oxytocin-atenolol or oxytocin for labor induction in term pregnant women in the Maternidad "Dr. Nerio Belloso" Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Estado Zulia. One hundred sixty patients were selected and randomly assigend to recieve intravenous oxytocin + oral atenolol (group A; n = 80) or intravenous oxytocin (group B; n = 80). Interval between beginning of induction to active phase of labor and between beginning of induction and delivery and maternal and neonatal adverse effects were evaluated. There were not found significant differences between groups related to maternal age, gestational age and Bishop score at the moment of admission. Pregnant patens in group a presented a interval between beginning of induction to active phase of labor and between beginning of induction and delivery shorter than pregnant patients in group B (P<0.0001). There were not found differences in newborn weight, Apgar at minute and at 5 minutes. There were not maternal side effects in both groups of treatment. In conclusion oxytocin-atenolol combination is more effective for induction of labor in term pregnant patients compared with oxytocin alone

Primary postpartum hemorrhage; efficacy of oral misoprostol in comparison to intravenous oxytocin

It is to compare efficacy of Oral Misoprostol with intravenous oxytocin in the management of primary post partum hemorrhage. Quasi experimental study. Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. From 1st December, 2006 to 1st December, 2007. The study was conducted on 90 patients who went into post partum hemorrhage during the study period. Cases were divided into two groups each having 45 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Group 'A' had those who received oral misoprostol 600microg and group 'B' those who received 5 UNITS intravenous oxytocin. The variables analyzed were failure of drug, time taken to control bleeding and side effects of drugs. Students t-test was used for comparison between means and chi-square test for comparison between percentages. Significance was taken at P<0.05. It was noted that failure rate of oral misoprostol was 11.1% and that of oxytocin was 22.2%. Mean time taken to control bleeding by misoprostol was 16.6 minutes and 1.311 minutes by intravenous oxytocin. Side effects was observed in 35.5% cases of misoprostol group and 2.22% cases of oxytocin group. The time taken to control bleeding and side effect profile is more better in intravenous oxytocin as compared to oral misoprostol in the menagemnt of primary postpartum hemorrhage, but number of patients responded to oral misoprostol are more, so it can be used as in combination of oxytocin where oxytocin alone failed to work

Maternal haemodynamic effects of oxytocin bolus or infusion in the third stage of labour

The safety of bolus oxytocin has been questioned due to reports of maternal hemodynamic consequences. This study compared maternal haemodynamic effects of oxytocin bolus or infusion in the third stage of vaginal delivery. This was a randomized double-blind clinical trial in 170 women who received [10IU] intravenous oxytocin bolus or infusion in third stage of labour. Mean arterial pressure [MAP] and heart rate [HR] were measured before delivery and 1, 5, 10, 20 minutes after administration of oxytocin. These serial measurements and postpartum outcome were compared in two groups. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures, t-test, Man U Whitney, Fisher exact test, and chi-square test. Findings showed MAP and HR did not vary between two groups [p= 0.38 and p= 0.65 respectively. Length of the third stage of labour, retained placenta and reduction in haemoglobin concentration for the bolus group was less than infusion group [p=0.000, p=0.042 and P=0.036 respectively]. Other postpartum outcome was similar in two groups. Bolus oxytocin is not associated with adverse maternal hemodynamics and appeared to be as effective and can safely be administered in the third stage of labour

Indução do trabalho de parto com feto vivo: [revisão] / Induction of labor with live fetus: [review]

Define-se indução do parto como o início artificial do trabalho de parto. A necessidade de interrupção da gravidez é caracterizada como problema obstétrico complexo que depende das indicações, contraindicações e pré-requisitos. Os métodos para indução do parto são classificados em mecânicos e farmacológicos. Foi feita revisão da literatura por meio de consulta ao SciELO, LILACS, Medline/Pubmed e Biblioteca Cochrane. Foram selecionados os estudos de maior evidência científica (grau de recomendação B ou A da Associação Médica Brasileira). O trabalho aborda o tema sob três aspectos: assistência, quando é proposta a associação de isoprostol para amadurecimento do colo uterino, quando necessário, e ocitocina para estimular a contração uterina; ensino com ênfase na disseminação do conhecimento no meio acadêmico e leigo, uma vez que a aceitação por parte do médico e da paciente é fundamental para a prática do método; e pesquisa, com a estimulação de respostas a diversas perguntas ainda pendentes. Para respondê-las, dada a complexidade do tema, um grupo de estudos da Colaboração Cochrane elaborou um protocolo geral para revisão sistemática dos métodos de indução do parto, que vem sendo aplicado a cada método e analisado por subgrupos, de acordo com as características clínicas das pacientes.

Labor induction is defined as its artificial start. The need for the interruption of pregnancy is characterized as a complex obstetrical situation, involving indications, contraindications and preconditions. The methods used in the induction of labor were classified as mechanical ou pharmacological. A search in literature was made in SciELO, LILACS, Medline/Pubmed and Cochrane Library. The studies with the strongest scientific evidence (level B or A, classified by the Brazilian Medical Association) were selected for further analysis. The theme was studied from three different aspects: medical care with the association of misoprostol for cervical ripening with oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions; teaching with emphasis on the education for the medical students and the general public, considering that the practice depends on the acceptance of the method by the doctors and the patients; and research, with stimulation to answers to several questions that were still not clear.. A study group was formed at the Cochrane Collaboration and, due to the complexity of the subject, a general protocol was prepared to systematically review the methods for induction of labor and analyzed by subgroups, considering the patients' clinical characteristics.

Indução do trabalho de parto: conceitos e particularidades / Induction of labor: concepts and particularities

O manejo das pacientes em indução do parto deve ser cuidadoso, observando-se as principais contraindicações, os riscos e as precauções. São contraindicações absolutas para indução do parto: a presença de causas obstrutivas do parto, o risco de morbidade perinatal grave e o risco materno. As contraindicações relativas são: frequência cardíaca fetal não-tranquilizadora, macrossomia fetal, gestação gemelar, apresentação pélvica, doença cardíaca materna, polidrâmnio, grande multiparidade, oligo-hidrâmnio e cesariana segmentar anterior. Suas possíveis complicações são a ruptura uterina, infecção intracavitária, prolapso de cordão umbilical, prematuridade iatrogênica, sofrimento ou morte fetal e falha da indução. A explicação e a discussão do que ocorrerá com a gestante, a seleção do local para a realização da indução do parto (de preferência com uma enfermeira por paciente) e a monitorização da vitalidade fetal são precauções importantes para evitar complicações. Diante de taquissistolia ou hiperestimulação uterina decorrente da indução do trabalho de parto, algumas medidas devem ser realizadas. Retirar o agente indutor resolve a maioria das situações. Não resolvendo, a tocólise é indicada. Caso ocorram alterações na frequência cardíaca fetal, medidas de ressuscitação intrauterina, apesar de não haver evidências suficientes de seu real benefício, podem ser tentadas. A indução em gestações com cesariana anterior é bastante controversa na literatura. Apesar de não haver evidências suficientes quanto aos riscos e benefícios, a atual recomendação é de que a indução com misoprostol seja evitada, podendo ser utilizada a ocitocina e sonda de Foley.

Management of patients submitted to labor induction must be careful with special attention to the main contraindications, risks and precautions. Absolute contraindications for labor induction include obstructive factors and increased risk of maternal or perinatal morbidity and mortality. Relative contraindications are non-reassuring fetal heart rate, fetal macrosomia, twin pregnancy, breech presentation, maternal cardiac disease, polyhydramnios, GREAT multiparity, oligohydramnios and previous segmental cesarean section. Possible complications are uterine rupture, intrauterine infectious, cord prolapsed, iatrogenic prematurity, fetal distress or death and failed induction. Some precautions are essential to avoid complications, such as discussing all the procedures with the pregnant women, defining the best local to conduct the induction (if possible, with one nurse by patient) and monitoring fetal well-being. When tachysystole or uterine hyperstimulation syndrome occurs as consequence of labor induction, some measures should be taken. Suspension of induction agent solves most of the cases, but acute tocolysis is indicated when the pattern of abnormal uterine contractility remains. In the presence of non-reassuring fetal heart rate, intrauterine resuscitation techniques may be carried out, although there is not enough evidence of their real benefits. Induction of labor in pregnancies with previous cesarean section remains controversial. Even though enough evidences about risks and benefits are not available yet, the current recommendation is to avoid induction with misoprostol but oxytocin and Foley catheter could be used in such cases.

Análise crítica dos métodos não-farmacológicos de indução do trabalho de parto / Critical analysis of non-pharmacological methods for induction of labor

A indução do trabalho de parto tem se tornado prática corrente na Obstetrícia moderna. Vários métodos têm sido propostos, e dentre eles os não-farmacológicos merecem destaque. Estes métodos podem ser classificados como naturais e artificiais. Os estudos realizados para avaliar os diversos métodos naturais, como homeopatia, acupuntura, óleo de rícino, enema, banho quente de imersão, relações sexuais e estimulação mamária para indução do trabalho de parto, são heterogêneos e ainda não existe evidência suficiente de que possam ser utilizados na prática clínica. Dentre os métodos artificiais, o descolamento das membranas encontra-se associado à indução efetiva do parto, porém, o procedimento é doloroso e pode ser desconfortável para as mulheres. A capacidade máxima de dilatação da laminária ocorre entre 12 e 24 horas, entretanto tem sido pouco utilizada devido ao surgimento de métodos mais efetivos. A sonda de Foley constitui um procedimento efetivo que pode ser usado na presença de contraindicações para os métodos farmacológicos, especialmente em gestantes com cesárea anterior, porém persistem preocupações quanto ao risco de infecção materna e fetal. Por outro lado, a ruptura artificial das membranas e os métodos mecânicos ainda não podem ser recomendados, porque as evidências sobre sua efetividade e segurança são insuficientes, mesmo quando associados à administração intravenosa de ocitocina.

Induction of labor has been currently a routine practice in Obstetrics. Several methods have been proposed and among them the non-pharmacological methods deserve consideration. These methods are classified as natural and artificial ones. Studies conducted to evaluate natural methods, such as homeopathy, acupuncture, ricin oil, enema, hot water immersion, sexual intercourse and nipple stimulation for labor induction, are heterogeneous and there is no enough evidence yet to support their use in clinical practice. Among artificial methods, membrane sweeping is associated with success on labor induction but can be a painful procedure, which is considered uncomfortable by several women. The maximum dilation of laminaria occurs between 12 and 24 hours, but this method has been less used because other methods are more effective. Foley catheter is a safe and effective procedure that can be used in the presence of contraindications for pharmacological methods, especially in pregnant women with previous cesarean section. Notwithstanding, there are still concerns about the risk of maternal/fetal infection. On the other hand, artificial rupture of membranes (amniotomy) cannot be recommended so far because evidences about its effectiveness and safety are insufficient, even when associated with intravenous administration of oxytocin.

[Comparison of effectiveness of extra-amniotic PGE[2] and high-dose oxytocin in induction of abortion]

Medical and surgical methods are used for induction of abortion. Prostaglandins are used in various forms such as vaginal tabs, gels, intra-amniotic and extra-amniotic injections. The object of this study was to compare the effectiveness of extra-amniotic PGE[2] and high-dose oxytocin in induction of abortion. The study included 60 women admitted for induction of abortion in Shahid Sadoughi hospital of Yazd from 2007 till 2009. They were randomly allocated in two groups. Data was collected by a questionnaire and statistical tests such as Fisher's exact and chi square were used for analysis of data. The success rate of PGE[2] group [P=0.014] was higher than oxytocin group. The mean time of induction of abortion in PGE[2] method was shorter than oxytocin method [p=0.0001]. In both the two groups, the mean time of induction of abortion in dead fetuses was shorter than that in live fetuses [p=0.0001 for PGE[2] group and =0.011 for oxytocin group]. There was no significant difference in the rate of complications of treatment in the two groups. In both the two groups, the mean time of induction of abortion in the 12-14 weeks period was longer than 8-11 and 15-19 weeks, which was significant in the PGE[2] group [p=0.001]. The use of extra-amniotic PGE[2] method in induction of abortion is more effective than high-dose oxytocin and by decreasing the induction period and need for curettage, hospitalization period and expenditure ca be decreased leading to increased satisfaction of patients

Prevención de la hemorragia posparto / Post partum hemorrhage prevention

OBJETIVO: evaluar los cambios en la pérdida estimada de sangre y tasas de Hemorragia Posparto [HPP] derivados del entrenamiento en el Manejo Activo de la Tercera Etapa del Parto [MATED] en cinco Clínicas Materno Infantiles del departamento de Yoro, Honduras. METODOLOGÍA: durante nueve meses, el equipo de investigación enseña las habilidades sobre la pérdida estimada de sangre, establece una tasa base para la HPP y enseña el manejo activo de la tercera etapa del parto. En cada nacimiento se registran la pérdida estimada de sangre, los resultados para la madre y el neonato, así como el uso calculado de Oxitocina en el periodo posnatal. Los datos obtenidos se analizan estadísticamente con SPSS descriptivo, prueba-T y Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS: el periodo de estudio previo al entrenamiento en MATEP incluye 178 casos, el periodo posterior al entrenamiento incluye 392 casos. La pérdida estimada de sangre durante el periodo previo es de 109 ml en promedio, comparado con 81 ml en promedio que se obtiene durante el periodo posterior al entrenamiento (p=.004). En la fase previa y posterior a/ entrenamiento, el uso de Oxitocina en el periodo posparto es de 99.5%, aunque en el 17% de los casos reportados la administración de Oxitocina se realiza después de la expulsión de la placenta. Después del entrenamiento en MATER la tasa de hemorragia posparto disminuye del 7.3% al 3.8%, dato que no es estadísticamente significativo.

AIM: evaluate the changes in estimated blood loss and Post Partum Hemorrhage [PPH] rates with dissemination of Active Management of Third Stage of Labor [AMTSL] training to five Clinicas Materno Infantiles in the state of Yoro, Honduras. METHODS: over a nine month period, the research team utilized a two part training module to first teach the skills of estimated blood loss to establish a baseline rate for PPH and then in the second phase teach skills of active management of third stage labor. Estimated blood loss, outcomes for mother and neonate as well as the use and timing of Oxytocin in the postpartum period were recorded for each birth for the research team. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS for descriptive, t-test and chi-square statistics. RESULTS: pre-AMTSL training period N= 178, post AMTSL training N=392. Estimated blood loss pre-AMTSL training was a mean of 109 ml compared with post-training period of 81ml (p=.004). The use of Oxytocin in the postpartum period was 99.5% in both pre and post AMTSL training, though 17% of the cases reported Oxytocin administration after delivery of the placenta. The postpartum hemorrhage rate decreased from 7.3% to 3.8% after the AMTSL training, but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: AMTSL training reduced estimated blood loss though did not significantly change PPH rates in this study. Use of Oxytocin postpartum has become a regular component of care provided.